[Response #1: Civil Society]
Hello.
Overall Statement:
I do not believe that a permanent state of equipollence shall be achieved by humanity. To believe otherwise is to pursue mere chimeras or specters of illusion: such a viewpoint is chimerical and hopeless. Although there will continue to be intermittent periods of civil peace and prosperity such moments will prove to be ephemeral and transient. Society quickly devolves into disequilibrium and civil disunion through processes of disintegration and fragmentation. Either civil society would become despotic and devolve into an autarchy with the oppression of the individual or civil society would disintegrate and become fissiparous. In both models, the individual is rendered suppliant and obeisant with the sovereignty and autonomy of the individual being trampled upon. External and societal elements are impinged upon the human individual with the outcome of obsequious and pitiful individuals that are repressed and broken. The vulgar impulses of humanity for the exertion and imposition of will is merely magnified in the case of civil society with varying gradations between the societal and collective context to the single human individual.
Examples:
1) My comments on Hobbesian Realism:
Thomas Hobbes in his political treatise "Leviathan" expounded on the key government that would provide order and stability from rising chaos and dissension within the particular political entity. After years of dissonance, discord and the arising of petty factions of the English Civil War between the Royalists dedicated to Charles I and the Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell as the backdrop of "Leviathan", Thomas Hobbes viewed civil war with the total lack of governmental control or anarchy as the worst possible situation. To prevent such a crisis from arising, Thomas Hobbes listed despotism or an absolute monarchy as the key force in maintaining order, discipline and justice. The despot ruled an autarchy or a self-sufficient state [despotism] that served all the needs of the executive body of the state, either as a single individual or an oligarchic/legislative body. The populace of the state served the needs of the head(s) of state and was similar to the description of a leviathan: a mighty force encompassing and presiding over all the affairs of state so as to maintain justice as well as maintaining the very survival of the state. The head(s) of the state, especially in the case of a single individual held supreme secular and ecclesiastical hegemony, or the concept of caesaropapism. Though the head(s) of state held complete dominion within the state, there was a social contract between the ruler and the ruled. Since people are brutal, base, vulgar and horrific in their natural and savage state, the hegemon that represented the Hobbesian ruler(s) would exert discipline and a morale code upon the populace so as to maintain peace and concord. In return, the denizens of the state professed and practiced total devotion to the head(s) of the state. Thomas Hobbes was following in the tradition of Thucydides and was a major proponent
of the branch of socio-political philosophy called Realism.
2) My comments on Montesquieu's State of Equilibrium:
Montesquieu based his ideas on Polybius, Titus Livy, Niccolo Machiavelli, Plato and Aristotle. His concept of government was based on a balance of powers resulting in political equilibrium and a concord between the multifarious branches of government. A prime example of a mode of government based on Montesquieu's theoretical constructions was the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe I that lasted from 1830-1848. Louis-Philippe I was a constitutional monarch that held more limited powers than under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII and Charles X, and was limited in political power by the legislative body, or an oligarchic mode of government. Under Louis-Philippe I, the electoral voting capabilities increased from 94,000 individuals in 1830 CE to over 200,000 individuals in 1848 CE. Though this version of a balance of powers as expounded by Montesquieu achieved political equipollence, it was ephemeral due to the hubristic means of petty individuals that strove to tear asunder the institutions of civil society. Montesquieu noted that contumelious individuals could eradicate even the most balanced and fairest of governments. For the explanation of the dilapidation of government, Montesquieu adhered to the Polybian Cycle of government. According to such a system, out of anarchy a principate would arise under a just and benevolent ruler. After a certain amount of generations had passed, the principate would devolve into despotism. With pestilential passions, the despot/autarch would overwhelm and consume the principles that founded the glorious principate. Thus, an aristocracy would arise. However, with each passing generation, the aristocrats became more indolent, despondent, uxorious and ostentatious. In such throes of civil discord the aristocracy would degenerate into an oligarchy. Enraged, the populace would rebel against the current order and remove it. A democracy would arise in which all were given moderate freedom and order kept chaos at bay. As many generations would pass, demagogues would arise and the populace would become licentious, elemental and irrational. Finally, chaos would be unleashed through civil disunion leading to a state of anarchy. These actions are cyclical and as according to Montesquieu and Machiavelli would continue to cycle indefinitely until the interference of external forces.
[Response #2: On Aesthetic Beauty]
[Continued]:
To Boleslav:
Aesthetics is the desire for the beautiful, attractive, sublime, symmetrical, pulchritudinous, virtuous and good. Although certain things that are morally reprehensive and abhorrent may be sublime and fantastical, such things cannot be truly beautiful or divine. Aesthetics allows for the transcendence from human vulgarity and savagery. Aesthetic beauty manifests itself in art, music, poetry, literature and philosophy. Through the acquisition of knowledge one is instilled with vigor, courage, virtue and vivacity as opposed to the trappings of comfort and the pursuit of frivolous activities or sportive tricks that render the human individual complacent, indolent and despondent. For example, I believe that poets, artists and philosophers are the hierophants of creative glory and a beauty that is far removed from the common and customary.
Here is a short piece that I extracted from my blog that specifically concentrates on the aesthetic theories during the Neo-Classical, Enlightenment and Romantic periods of European philosophy:
An Analysis on Friedrich Schiller's On Simple and Sentimental Poetry and On the Use of the Chorus in Tragedy
By Conrad Jalowski
Aesthetics is a subcategory of the philosophical foundation that is characterized by aspects of the attractive, beautiful and pulchritudinous. It was through the disciples of the aesthetic tradition, ranging from Plato, Aristotle, Horace and Longinus through Boethius, Joachim Du Bellay, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lodovico Castelvetro, Julius Caesar Scaliger and Dante Alighieri to Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson amongst many others that the aesthetic portion of philosophy was upheld. The apolaustics or the dedication and devotion to aesthetic beauty instilled such individuals with the ability to gaze at the aura of immortal beauty and divine truth that rendered them the standard bearers of progress and truth as found in literary criticism, art, poetry, music, tragedy, comedy and other components. This brief analysis will concentrate on a single contribution to literary theory with far reaching reverberations and consisting of the utmost significance to the German movements of Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism as well as the poetic tradition within the context of philosophy as a whole.
Friedrich Schiller's "On Simple and Sentimental Poetry" was rooted heavily in Kantian tradition regarding the dichotomy between nature and reason, or the sensuous and voluptuous as opposed to the cold, barren and calculating. For apolaustics, it is nature that is encompassing and is an intricate component, or at the very core of the self-identity of the individual. Friedrich Schiller recorded that:
"I have previously remarked that the poet is nature, or he seeks nature. In the former case, he is a simple poet, in the second case a sentimental poet."
The tension of opposing factors represent a Kantian dialectic of thesis and antithesis. As each individual is a part or component of nature, and nature the very essence of the human being, the mere acknowledgment of such a concept results in a petty poet. However, the poet or creator that seeks for the aesthetic ideal indulges in a transcendence from mortal affairs through a voracious hunger for proportion and beauty as opposed to the barberous propensities that inflict humanity. The creating poet is able to unlock the inner wonders central to pure and divine beauty.
In essence, the underlying emendation of Friedrich Schiller on aesthetic philosophy exerted a preponderant influence in this passage:
"The poetic spirit is immortal, nor can it disappear from humanity; it can only disappear with humanity itself..."
In such an excerpt, Friedrich Schiller linked the poetic [medium for aesthetics] spirit to immortality. By partaking and immersing oneself into literary works, the individual is able to transcend above human frailties and petty passions for a fugacious and an ephemeral duration of time. Regardless of the seemingly evanescent time that one is divinely inspired, creative, artistic and imaginational vivacity is most prominent; a single intoxicating moment is worth more than thousands of moments in obsequious bondage. In addition, Friedrich Schiller noted that poetry is inescapable; it is ubiquitous and permeates throughout all facets of civil society in which poetry cannot expire until humanity itself ceases to exist.
In a similar fashion to Thomas Love Peacock, Friedrich Schiller developed a dichotomy between two opposing facets: ancient literary compositions and modern literary compositions. Thomas Love Peacock divided the whole realm of literature into two cofactor spheres with each comprised of a four age system: Iron, Gold, Silver and Brass. The ancients were composed of the literary ages of the Bardic, Homeric, Virgilian and the Nonnic while the moderns had Chaucer and Petrarch as the precursors to the Golden Age that consisted of William Shakespeare. John Milton stood on the threshold between the Golden and Silver ages. The Silver Age consisted of Spenser, Edward Gibbon, David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau whilst the Brass Age consisted of the Lake Poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. The underlying and constant theme of the aesthetic foundation of Friedrich Schiller's philosophy was succinctly expressed in this passage:
"Art has for its object not merely to afford a transient pleasure, to excite to a momentary dream of liberty; its aim is to make us absolutely free...".