I actually did study this myself as I was curious myself years ago, and I hope I can give a good explanation from a psychological viewpoint (and in my opinion).
In most people, your language is controlled by the left side of your brain and is considered a "higher brain function" set in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex has areas of it that control speech and writing, and other areas that control your personality and social behaviour.
A lot of studies with regards to swearing, however, due to it's nature, reacts within "lower brain functions" in the limbic system and basal ganglia, alongside emotion and basic instincts. There's a lot of theories that instead of proccessing curse words as phonemes as most words are proccessed, they are stored as whole units of information. This may be associated with the emotions we put behind those words. We tend to pass the information of curse words along in this manner by the context it's spoken in, the way it's said by others, etc. This is also why in almost every dialect and culture, many "base" curse words differ as it's "passed on" socially.
As it is different than regular words and proccessed as an emotion, there is usually a physical response to the words even if you don't understand what they mean. When you have an emotional response to these words, it in essence is it's own stimuli, but to create that same stimuli again (like an addiction), people use it more and more attempting to achieve that initial "rebelious" emotion. Eventually it's adapted into the language as a staple, due to overuse, and you have to actually work at it (once it's adapted) to stop yourself from using them. In cultural context it's almost like it's own "drug" and has become in many situations socially acceptable especially in youth.





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