The expansion of our universe

[Oss Spy]

This is draft #2 I've written. Tell me what you think and any information you have may be helpful.

This paper has less math and more explanation, but of course it has my equation I've toned down on the Greek and used the letters we use today.


It is widely accepted that the universe began at a single point of creation, and the Big Bang is accepted to be the moment of creation. But what is the Big Bang? The Big Bang is the point where the universe expanded from nothing. This point of nothing is a singularity, where it has a fixed mass with zero volume. Because a singularity has no volume a singularity must have infinite density. This can be modeled by the equation m/0=∞ (D=m/v). It is believed that the mass of this singularity is all of the matter in our universe. The term used to describe this is known as the Super Atom. However, at one point, this singularity (the Super Atom) expanded from a point to just a few planck lengths across (what caused the singularity to expand is unknown at this point.) The universe continued to expand into the universe we have today. The expansion can be represented as V=β^δ, where V is the volume of our universe, β is the initial volume of expansion, and δ is the rate of expansion.

Normally this equation would be left how it is. However, it takes energy to make something- anything- expand. This means that energy must be factored into the equation. It is also well known that if the universe?s volume doubles then the temperature is halved, and because heat is a measure of energy, the energy is dispersed throughout the universe which means expansion will slow down as the universe expands (meaning there is a the same amount of energy in the universe but it is spread thin.) There is yet another limiting factor- gravity. The energy in the universe is finite, and because the concentration of energy thins out, this means gravity will take its toll. Anything with gravity has an escape velocity which means one must travel at a certain velocity to escape gravity?s effects (in this case expand against gravity.) Gravity will slow down anything attempting to escape, and there will be a certain point in which it will fall back to the source of gravity if a certain amount of energy is no longer being supplied. Since energy is always pushing out against the boundaries of our universe and gravity is always pulling the boundaries towards itself, it is safe to say that there will come a point where the energy of our universe will stop expanding due to gravity, and gravity will not pull the universe inward because of energy pushing against the edges of the universe. It will become a stalemate in time.

Because of recent findings, some experts believe that the universe's rate of expansion is increasing rather than decreasing (galaxies moving away from each other were moving away faster than expected.) They believe that the reason for this is dark energy that has a negative charge, and they also believe that it has anti-gravity (caused by negative pressure, which is believed to be a property of dark energy) effects because of it, explaining their findings. There is one problem with this. The universe started as an atom. Atoms in their natural state have a neutral charge, and only outside effects can change the charge. If energy has a positive charge and dark energy has a negative charge they should negate each other, resulting in a universe with a charge of zero. One can increase the size of the universe all they want and will only get an energy charge of zero. In fact, one can double the amount of energy and remain with a neutral charge. This removes the theory that dark energy is increasing the expansion of the universe because positive energy will balance out negative energy.

The expansion of the universe must have an equation, as anything must have when something increases. Normally, V=β^δ would be enough to model this. However, due to the effects of gravity and dispersal of energy, it must be broken down further to factor in the slowing of growth. The equation V=β^(ε/σ), where ε is the energy in the universe and σ are the factors limiting expansion. After much thought combined with trial and error, σ isn?t enough. σ must be V/(εg). V/ε models the dispersal of energy throughout the universe (I'm not entirely sure if this is the correct model and I would like help in refining it.) V/g is the effect of gravity on the universe (normally it would be V(g), but I prefer that gravity be represented by a whole number) expanding. Thanks to the basic rules of math, V/ε and V/g can be modeled by V/εg. Our equation is now V=β^[ε/(V/(εg))].

We have now figured out the three spatial dimensions of our universe. But what about time? The solution to this is V=β^([ε/(V/(εg))]^γ). There is one problem, however. γ is time, and although I believe it is in the correct place (I would like a second opinion), γ cannot be a specific unit of time because it will drastically affect the equation. If γ is five it will not make a difference if the unit of measure is in years or seconds. Other limits on the equation are γ>0, ε>0, g>0, and V≤εg. It is obvious why time cannot be zero. If time is zero then the expansion rate will be 1 and the universe will not expand. If there is no energy in the universe then the universe will not expand (which is why the expansion model is ε/(V/(εg)); if energy were any operation besides division then you would result with infinite expansion.) Gravity, for obvious reasons, cannot be zero. The expansion rate of the universe will become infinite and result in a rip in the fabric of space time. The reason V≤εg is because if V>εg, then V will contract, and because it contracts, the energy will be multiplied and will increase the rate of expansion which will make V expand again. This process would be a circle and have the same effect of V=(εg). As stated earlier, it will be a stalemate.

The main issue with the equation is the conversion of mass to energy. V/(εg) will be fine due to multiplication, but the expansion will be affected because ε/(V/(εg)). Aside from a few issues, the model of the expansion of the universe is almost complete. With a little more thought and refinement the equation will be perfected.